![]() For example, the Halloween 2003 solar storms that impacted Earth between 19th of October 2003 and 7th of November 2003 caused an hour long power outage in Sweden ( Pulkkinen et al., 2005), forced airline flight reroutes, and affected communication and satellite systems ( Plunkett, 2005). The importance of space weather forecasting has grown with societal dependence on advanced space technology, on communication and on the electrical grid. Space weather events can have serious effects on the health of astronauts and on technology, with potentially large economic costs ( Eastwood et al., 2017). “Space weather” ( Bothmer and Daglis, 2007) is the discipline that focuses on the impact of these solar drives on the solar system and in particular on the Earth and its near space environment. Solar activity affects the terrestrial environment with a constantly present but highly variable solar wind and with higher energy, transient events, such as flares and Coronal Mass Ejections (CMEs). Third, we take the first steps toward the ambitious goal of identifying the most relevant heliospheric parameters for modeling CME propagation in the heliosphere, their arrival time, and their geoeffectiveness at Earth. Although the current analysis focuses on spatial rather than temporal correlations, we find that time-independent models are less useful for Data Assimilation activities than time-dependent models. Second, we are able to better characterize the models. Since knowledge of that particular sub-system is crucial for space weather, enhanced monitoring of the region would be most beneficial. For example, we find that the absolute values of the DOI are extremely low in the magnetospheric plasma sheet. First, we obtain quantitative information about the most useful locations of observation points, such as solar wind monitors. Our analysis is promising for space weather purposes for several reasons. We report on the application of Representer analysis (RA) and Domain of Influence (DOI) analysis to three models simulating different stages of the Sun-Earth connection: the OpenGGCM and Tsyganenko models, focusing on solar wind-magnetosphere interaction, and the PLUTO model, used to simulate CME propagation in interplanetary space. In this paper, we discuss some of the most used space weather models, and propose suitable locations for data gathering with space weather purposes. Effective space weather forecasting relies on data and models. A better understanding of the Sun-Earth connection carries enormous potential to mitigate negative space weather effects with economic and social benefits. Solar activity, ranging from the background solar wind to energetic coronal mass ejections (CMEs), is the main driver of the conditions in the interplanetary space and in the terrestrial space environment, known as space weather. 4Institute of Physics, University of Maria Curie-Skłodowska, Lublin, Poland.3Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, United States.2Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom.1Department of Mathematics, Centre for Mathematical Plasma Astrophysics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium. ![]() The GOES-R Series requires measurements of three components of the geomagnetic field with a resolution of 0.016 nT and response frequency of 2.5 Hz.Dimitrios Millas 1,2 *, Maria Elena Innocenti 1 *, Brecht Laperre 1, Joachim Raeder 3, Stefaan Poedts 1,4 and Giovanni Lapenta 1 The MAG requirements are similar to the tri-axial fluxgates that have previously flown. GOES Magnetometer data are also important in research, being among the most widely used spacecraft data by the national and international research community. In addition, measurements can be used to validate large-scale space environment models that are used in operations. The GOES-R Series Magnetometer products are an integral part of NOAA's space weather operations, providing information on the general level of geomagnetic activity and permitting detection of sudden magnetic storms. The geomagnetic field measurements are important for providing alerts and warnings to many customers, including satellite operators and power utilities. These particles can be dangerous to spacecraft and human spaceflight. ![]() The GOES-R Series Magnetometer provides measurements of the space environment magnetic field that controls charged particle dynamics in the outer region of the magnetosphere.
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